Uncovering the Crimes of Others

Machette the jungle brush

November 25: Today was the day to finally uncover the crimes of others. In the process, I have learned what it means to families to finally have something done after the horrible mass crimes of the 36 year civil war. But I also learned that despite the "peace processes" that denounce the violence and call for amends, little is set up to accomplish anything. Despite the international show of reform it is incredibly hard and complicated for victims who have suffered mass atrocities at the hands of their governments to ever feel like there is any sense of justice or closure.


Orienteering

We leave bright and early in the truck into the mountains. We have all our tools packed and we alternate sitting in the bucket. It is a very bumpy ride! On route, we do stop to eat,at a tin shack overhang where the ground all around was mud. We were a little worried our foreign stomachs may not be able to handle this meal but it ended up being some of the best tamale and fried chicken (perfectly seasoned and crispy) I had ever had. The horchata (rice and cinnamon drink) was exceptionally good as well. After going up some final hills (I did not think the truck was going to make it), we arrive in the area of Silquil where we had been asked to excavate immediately after the two hours of driving. After balancing all the tools and gear we set off with some of the family and the owners of the property who had volunteered to help. The direct family had even farther of a distance to come to meet us. They live in another far distant mountain side, even less accessible costing them far more to travel. All this for a family who has very little money to begin with. It costs them literally everything they have to be here today. 


The family waits

   We walk down a steep mountain side and after only 10 minutes the line of people halt with some shouts in Ixchil and Spanish. Apparently we had reached the estimated site already (us girls had all been set to bush-wack for an hour!). With the assisted information from witness testimony and our orienteer, our EFI team get our compasses, locating north and taping off the area. Some local men and a couple family member volunteer themselves to help with much of search digging, and boy, did we end up being grateful with the 6 feet holes we ended up digging. Before, we start with the major digging though, we leave time for the members to give thanks and say prayers. Since the uncovering of the body is for the family, we follow their wishes foremost. Our EFI members remind them this is a safe space, so whatever form of belief or ceremony they wish to follow they can do so without hesitation. 


Interviews

While the local men and us girls take turns digging, Oscar, another member of EFI followed through with interviewing the family. From their standard report, he started off with the most basic information like facial characteristics, any known previous injuries, what he did for a living (so to match indicators of bone wear) in order to gain a profile. As the teeth are part of the major indicators for age, he asks if he could take pictures of some of the families teeth in order to have a relative comparison. One reason, Oscar and other interviewers start off with the most basic information is so that family may feel comfortable, and only then, they begin getting into detail for other clues that will be helpful when presenting the final case to the Reparations Program.


Digging, Digging, and more digging

So who are we looking for you wonder? Well we were looking for the father of the daughter and nephew who were here with us. During the conflict, people were set in great fear and distrust. The government and the military had friends and neighbours turn on each other. During the conflict, the father had been picked up by the army and forced to be a guide for them in the mountains. After a year he was set free. But when he got back to his hometown, members of the guerrilla movement called him a traitor. But how can you be a traitor when you had to leave your home against your will? Once again, he was torn from his home and his family. Witnesses recall they bound and beat him, stripped him naked and then hung him, leaving him to slowly die. The witness, more recently before he had passed away, had made sure to tell a community member where he knew the man was buried. It was because of his clue that we knew the approximate place to start digging.


 

Digging

There have been many uncovered mass graves that this initiative and others like it have found. But one thing Cristian had pointed out (as it has defined in different genocides), is that the case of Guatemala has defined a mass grave as one containing five sets of remains (in Bosnia and Croatia it was 3). While other initiatives focused on these larger graves, those of murdered family members have not been deemed as important so the cases of one or two are often ignored. That is why the members of EFI have started to put more focus on the these small graves, because these families are just as important.
  

Digging

Digging straight down around our blocked off area, we began to realized from the colour of the soil that this area was not the right spot. The lighter soil indicated that this area was too dense and had not been disturbed. We began to move further left and right using standard shovels and large hoes. Still no sign. More people had come to watch. We decided to dig up northward. Then all of a sudden, thousands upon thousands of stinging ants came spewing out! It looked like black lava! The soil was moving like water! Someone spoke to us in English that this had to be a good sign (that we were close)! Sure enough, the next thing we spotted was a portion of a Humerus. We halted digging at once. The volunteers carefully moved the large portion of soil around it and then Cristian asked Amanda and Kalista to assist Juan Carlos with the beginnings of the fine brushing process. Similar to archaeological digs, you have to treat everything with extraordinary caution since you cannot risk damaging anything, especially when quality of the bone is all you have in identifying the individual. If you accidentally break something you immediately lose quality of evidence on determining anti-mortem, peri-mortem, and post-mortem of trauma.

The uncovering begins: humerous and part of skull

We use fine tools such as small brushes, trowels and sifters to carefully remove the soil around the body, holding loose bones down when brushing around them. There is no sign of clothing, so our witness' accounts seem to match. 
 

The emotions

 In the mean time, I have been recording and taking photos of the process, while doing some sifting,  to make sure we do not miss any teeth or small bones. Cristian gets us to switch it up. I continue working around the skull and ribs. Many roots have grown around and through the bones. We cannot pull the roots out, because of the risk of breaking bones, so we cut them with shears. Continuing sweeping and removing the dirt, and trying not to get bitten by the ants, I continue to think about this individual, his family around us, and what he could possibly have done to deserve such a cruel death. "Nothing", I concluded. The horrible reality in conflicts and wars is that reasons for killing and justifications to do so become incredibly shallow and misguided. If only, the persons holding the guns would actually hear out what the other has to say. So many deaths were results of misunderstanding or not being given a chance to explain what was happening. Some incredible raw footage of what was actually happening during the Guatemalan Civil War while the American and Guatemalan government where spewing hate propaganda against so-called Communists (people who didn't even know what Communism was) is located below. I would highly recommend taking a look at “When the Mountains Tremble” (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a4rG8nmgRw4). One young member of the military of the state was asked why he was in a small village of peasants to kill. He responded he did not know why or for what reason; he was just doing his job. What an all too familiar response. While in the aftermath we call it a horrific atrocity, but at the time it could have been prevented.


'Steady as she goes'

We get to the point where we had uncovered all of the bones. He was laying in an unnatural kneeling position facing us. We pause again, this time to take official pictures with the case number which will later be sent to the Public Ministry and National Reparations Program. Before us girls got started with carefully removing the bones, the family and onlookers stopped us and thanked us for our work. There is a train of translation from Ixchil to Spanish to English, but the chilling feeling of being at the bottom of a 6 foot hole surrounded by the family members who have been grieving for 35 odd years, is fully felt.

A Prayer for the loss

They express, how long they have unfulfillingly mourned the murder and disappearance of their father, uncle and grandfather that they will never get to meet, except for the remains of a naked body that lay there now. They ask why their family like so many were forced apart by much injustice and bloodshed, and for what? Nothing good came out of those 36 years of bloodshed. They continue to thank us and how much it means to know people worlds away care, while so many in their own seem to not. She then apologizes greatly for not being able to provide food or offerings for us, but the distance and money it took to get to this location has left them with very little. I get goosebumps despite the 25 C weather on this November day. 
While feeling speechless, I respond that it is truly an honour being here today. What had been done to their, and so many others families, is a horribly sickening thing that continues to happen. None of this should have and should never continue to happen. "I hope that with more acts of kindness, respect and justice, the process of grieving will be eased."


The on-lookers

We begin to carefully remove the bones from the rest of the soil. With the knowledge that we have as a group have been able to separate the bones left and right. Still snipping away at the roots, the skull is the last to be removed. Oscar takes the bones into individual bags for the different sections. To ensure we have not missed anything, we shift through more soil. We have recovered the body.

'Steady as she goes': sweeping and categorizing

Before we clean up, our members remind the family that the stage of recovery is complete, and that the next stages will begin. These stages may take more time, depending on the duration of the government process. But no matter how long it is going to take they are always welcome to contact us, or to come by the city to see the process. The time when we can finally return the remains and reparations is upon them. We then all pitch in to fill the hole back in. You do not realize how much you have dug until you go fill it back in. I started hearing some giggling from the children. Every time Amanda would say her name, the children would giggle. We wondered why. We found out the next day, asking one of Ixchil men that "amanda" means "home-wrecker" or "mistress". We had a good laugh about that.


Uncovered and bent

Earlier during the hours of digging, I had given some of the children a jump rope. Having fun trying to communicate non-verbally to start them with jump skip rope, I had remembered I had Canada pins. Showing them on myself of what they were for I offered it to them. Allowing me, I carefully stuck them to their beautifully sewn huipils. I remembered after, what some Guatemalans had thought of Canada, having heard and done much previous research on Canada's diminished reputation on the world stage in the last 9 years. This had included a few Canadians being abducted and murdered from the human rights violating mining work that had been ordered to deploy from Ottawa. 
With all the gear packed back up, we all headed back up to the truck. Despite the feeling of great satisfaction and relief, leaving seemed to be the hardest part. I felt bad just leaving them, with their remains. The nephew though, was coming with us back to Nebaj, to complete some paperwork as the uncle's birth certificate. 


Canada pins

The two hours back on the off-roads had was a lot more excitement. Everything was so bright and beautiful. Despite the endless hard work and injustice these families have dealt with over and over, they smiled back as I waved. And that is what is wonderful about human nature, despite all horrible things that others have committed, with just a smile and honest acts of kindness, you can make others days or lives, just that much more positive and optimistic.

Buenos Tardes y Mucho Gracias

Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Forenses de Guatemala

November 4-6

National Institute for Forensic Sciences for Guatemala

What an extraordinary experience getting a personal tour of the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Forenses deGuatemala (INACIF), of which I can say is  the gem of Guatemala. The smell of dead bodies lingers within building. We meet Director Dr. Carlos Aigusto Rodas Gonzalas, a well presented gentleman with a bow-tie. He explains these facilities is the centre of forensics for the whole country. In asking where they get their funds, he says from some international states as the US as USAID and EU has provided such funding and technology. We were soon to see indeed, some astounding facilities. He says with a coy smile that their works were who helped catch the Guatemalanvice-present for corruption with the use of their newly received technology of wire-taps. He does point out that what is going on in Guatemala is not all bad. There is indeed some cooperation between professio nals from Mexico , Chile, and Italy, in order to track organized crime, especially gangs. But it is indeed still a great struggle for these professionals who work so hard to halt corruption they continue to see within the police and justice system. Dr. Rodas has even worked on creating training workshops on proper methodology for the crime scene for police so that they no longer continue to lose evidence. The Guatemala justice system has its large flaws from so many unsolved crimes that are let slide while the victims suffer in fear, distrust and resentment. There is still much under the table threats and pay outs to cover up crimes, but also because many of the officers have had very little formal training, and most often are 'volunteers'. For example, coroners are supposed to be the only one touching and collecting the bodies to ensure no evidence is lost. Here, most of the time, police have been known to  just drag and load the bodies in the back of a truck, and in some cases allow the someone to dispose or wipe away the evidence. It is definitely a great barrier for those like Dr. Rodas' teams and for Cristian's.

We then proceed with the rest of the tour.  We entered a little room with a video camera tv screen and a window to give the family options of how they want to confirm the body. We walked into their morgue cooler. He informs us that there are 78 bodies here from the weekend alone, and the next closed door is where they have 203 from the Cambry II mudslide a month before. Then we walked by a forensic technician who was cleaning 3 male bodies, as a result of gang violence. One of the pale bodies had tattoos. In fact, one of their latest magazines gives an article on their use of tattoos in body identification," Tatuajes en las ciencias forenses. Breve experiencia de este tipo de hallazgo" ( tattoos on forensic science :  brief experience of this type of discovery). We then follow by more data collection teams, working hard on computers. Onto the other side of the building, we enter into the room where they remove tissue from the bodies (by simmering them) in order for them to be taken to the Forensic Anthropologist specialists. 

This is where we got to spend the rest of the afternoon, asking questions, analysing, and practising like we had done the previous day ageing and sexing the bones. These victims, were ongoing contemporary cases (so post-civil war), some gang violence, some femicide. It was really interesting finding out which was the first gunshot to the victims skull. One of the forensic anthropologists told me you can find identification by comparing which one first fractured the skull from first impact, to the second having the pressure let out was clean through.

female victims fingernails

  It definitely is an odd feeling, working with human remains. Humans, as social beings, are so attached to emotion and human characteristics. Yet, when we lose an aspect of such, we begin to see as an object, a puzzle which needs to be solved. We were working with remains of victims of brutal deaths, but yet, I was not the whole time dealing with the sickening feeling of how they died. Did I feel guilty for not feeling heart-wrenched, but rather intrigued, and curious?  But that is what it is like for most people in this field; refocusing their emotion on solving the task at hand, or imputing the data so that the case to solved faster, so hopefully justice is served. The place that hit me the most was outside the facilities when we were leaving seeing all the families waiting to see the deceased. Right before we left a police truck pulled up with a body in the back covered in white cloth. The families were waiting outside the gates crying. I felt bad as us foreigners got the 'ok' to go right in while some of these families had been waiting all day outside, with no waiting area.

Police truck pulls up with body

  We later went to visit the second  Guatemala INACIF facilities. Their laboratories include documentoscopy, ballistics, toxicology, fingerprinting, biology, identification of vehicles, physical chemistry, controlled substance, genetics, and shot paths. First we met the director of the DNA Laboratory starting with the microscopes where they normally use for blood and semen. As he was explaining more of their facilities, two women were working on articles of clothing, one bloody shirt from a inmate murder, female dress pants from a femicide of rape and murder, and pair of female underwear from a rape and murder. Here, they cut tiny pieces from the clothing where the blood or semen would be, then dilute with solution so that they may further analyze. Then the clothing and the swabs are packaged back up. Dr. Rodas kindly joined us for the rest of the tour. I realize that my co-op at my hometown Parry Sound Hospital lab came in handy as I recognized much of the technology, machines and procedures. The DNA spin machines are extremely expensive to process, and that is why within the facilities DNA processing is more of a last resort. When processing the DNA, you not only can use to identify the victim and the perpetrator but also help solve the missing pieces in identifying family members, or missing children. Erica brought in some comparative and informative information after they had informed us they could get results out in 48 hours, while in LA it would take up to 2 weeks to a month. It puts a little into perspective of all those American crime shows where only 4 people can solve a mystery in less than an hour!

With consensus vote we headed up next to the ballistics lab, which deals with the guns and bullet identification of crimes. The first area we entered was the main identification of the weapon used, what caliber, and bullets. They even have a range of homemade weapons that have been used, created with some steel piping and some welding. Many of the guns they receive have the registration numbers scratched off of them as many of the weapons are bought or borrowed off of a black market. In order to acquire comparative data and confirmation, they must produce a replica shot from the gun and bullet of which they do so in another room. One question was asked what form of education and training was necessary for this line of work, and interestingly enough, most were engineers and because of no actual direct education, their paths were led to this work! It was a positive reassurance, at least for myself, that we can never foresee where out education will take us. And that is what makes life exciting right!? Life would be boring if we were just to foreseen a straight path of work, education and careers!  

Under the microscope the bullets undergo comparison for damage and markings. The last area was the computer data input. The technology they had was incredibly advanced, IBIS machines and 3D scanners, where they store all the bullet and weapon models. This form of data entry is extraordinarily efficient as this data base can track the same gun to hundreds of cases. Erica informed us in LA, they tend to just leave the bullets in a box and that be it, where as this is a whole new dimension of data entry and storage. The most fascinating was an enormous tree graph they had created which links on for what I could compare as miles spread out around the country and onto other countries. To zoom in and then out you see how vast these connections are, such as gang members using the same guns and how they travel around through this geolocation. They even mentioned that they had recently got back from a conference in Montreal presenting their data to INTERPOL. The main concern now, is if there would be greater cohesion and legitimate cooperation with the justice system.

Human Osteology: Skeletons and remains to under Massacres and Injustice

Anatomical Positions (very important and useful! )

November 3

I would have never thought I would have been able to put a skeleton in order, in the right and left positions, and names of the bones. I can now even go through the process narrowing down the age and sex of  the remains! With the sharing of their knowledge in Human Osteology, Erica, Amanda, Kalista and I spend the morning upstairs analysing the three remains who were victims of massacre from the Civil War. These remains are notably eroded due the way they were buried and the kind of soil they laid in.  Erica, having some experience teaching in her Masters (now interning in L.A. doing tool mark analysis in a morgue), gave the rest of us a refresher (myself, pretty much a first timer). To start, there are three main progressions of trauma on the body which forensic anthropologists look out for clues in case identification: ante-mortem (before death), peri-mortem (the time around death), and post-mortem (after the time of death). This includes whether there is any form of heavy ware on the bones from hard work or arthritis, any prior trauma or healing, what trauma killed the person, and what erosion or trauma to the body after the death. Especially, when the victim is found in the remains of bones or high erosion, the reliance on interview from families is critically important in order to correctly identify the remains. These questions include, their occupation, past medical history, any children, where last saw them, etc. Before I had left for Guatemala, I had come across novel in Library and Archives Canada, where I was able to grasp the insights of the field of which I highly recommend: The Bone Woman: A Forensic Anthropologist's Search for Truth in the MassGraves of Rwanda, Bosnia, Croatia, and Kosovo by Clea Koff.

There is  few step process for ageing and sexing a skeleton and two main bones you focus on are the skull and the pelvis (ribs and clavicle fusion are two other indicators to sex and date). In summary on the processes, starting at the skull we analyse five areas of the skull: the Nuchal Crest (bumpiness at back of skull, Mastoid Process(length and shape back of skull), Supraorbital Margin (brow and eye socket), Supraorbital Ridge/Glabella (brow/nose), and the Mental Eminence (jaw). These areas are then measured from 1 (most feminine) to 5 (most masculine). 

Heading down to the pelvis, we seek out the other sex differences in size and shape of the pelvis. In summary, a male has a thicker Ventral Arc, while a female's longer. Looking at the subpubic concavity, males are generally do  not show dramatic concavity and edges are straight or very slightly concave. Females are generally more concave and thinner ridge. then looking at the medial aspect of the ischiopublic ramus, where females have a a sharp edge while males the surface is fairly flat, broad and blunt. Furthermore, one would look at the stages of fusion the pelvic bones are in to identify the age range, while positioned in their natural form, men have a narrower/triangular pelvis, while women a wider, circular shape for childbirth. Anthropologists can also confirm with clues with women sometimes with the texture and erosion from the amount of times gave birth from wear.

From our analysis, it was confirmed that the remains were of one female and two males at the age of 19-25, which could be confirmed by seeing that their bones had not fully fused. I had gotten the heads up that it was impressive how fast I understood, despite having the least official training!  In addition to, the femur, while the best places to acquire DNA and bone marrow, also aids identifying a estimate height of the person. Although, as anthropologists working in Guatemala and other Central and South American countries, much of the data on bones is outdated and limited in ethnic and racial diversity. For the only official documentation for comparison is European and Asian. This has become a notable barrier in confirming accuracy in identifying Hispanic or Maya bodies because there is so much variation in size, stature and bone density. Like Cristian and other practising forensic anthropologists in this region emphasize on the importance in creating and generating official research into new manual to accurately identify these ethnic groups; work and research for our newer generations to get into the works of (Hint Hint)!

In order to give some further context,  EFI-IFIFT  acquires the remains, only once families first confrontation them that they would like the assistance to find and identify their family members. Then they follow through further processes of interviews and geo-locating the estimated area for dig sites. In other cases, the families themselves (almost always far too poor to have access to the legal and technical methods), have to pay the government fees to keep the case open. Although, the directors of EFI-IFIFT, have separated themselves from other similar organizations, on working on helping covering the fees for the poor families, on the moral that everyone should have equal access to justice. Meanwhile, funding is always a necessity in order to uncover the cases in a timely fashion. Currently, such cases can take up to months, to years, if not ever. For the Guatemalans families who have suffered these horrendous losses, time is very much money. And the reality of how long it can take, with the lack of funds on either end; of the families and then organizations to uncover the crimes against these families. For the families, time is very much money, when they only live off a few quetzales  for whole large families, who have lost their family members to help provide. Taking the time off to file in the process of identification, is a tremendous sacrifice that many cannot afford.

http://efi-ifift.org/en/donate/